Health in Nicaragua - Water Supply and Sanitation in Nicaragua, HIV-AIDS in Nicaragua (Paperback)

Chapters: Water Supply and Sanitation in Nicaragua, Hiv/aids in Nicaragua. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 23. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Water supply and sanitation in Nicaragua is provided by a national public utility in urban areas and water committees in rural areas. Despite relatively high levels of investment, access to water in urban areas has barely kept up with population growth, access to urban sanitation has actually declined and service quality remains poor. However, a substantial increase in access to water supply and sanitation has been reached in rural areas. The water sector underwent major reforms in 1998 that separated policy, regulatory, and operating functions. Decentralization has been proposed for a decade, but implementation was very slow and in mid-2007 was reversed when the national water company took over two municipal systems. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP/2006). Data for water and sanitation based on the Nicaragua Demographic and Health Survey (2001) and the Living Standard Measurement Survey (2001). Access to water supply and sanitation in urban areas of Nicaragua has been declining, since there has been little expansion in access while population levels have increased. Even though the JMP found coverage levels to be at 90%, the Nicaraguan Water and Sewerage Enterprise (ENACAL), the public utility responsible for provision of water and sanitation services to urban areas, estimates that effective coverage is less than 60 percent due to insufficient and unreliable service. There have been significant improvements in rural areas, however, since 1990. Access to improved water supply in rural areas has increased significantly from 46% in 1990 to 63% in 2004. Access to improved sanitation in rural areas has increased from 24% in 199...More: http: //booksllc.net/?id=947709