Laboratory Manual; Experiments To Illustrate The Elementary Principles Of Chemistry (Paperback)

LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENTS TO ILLUSTRATE THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY H. W. HILLYER, PH.D., ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN -- 1899 -- CONTENTS PREP.IRATTOS ASD PILOPERTIES 01 rIIE ELEJIESTS ZSI TIII . .IK CO3lIOUSDS Tvrlcar . II.EIIESTR 111oi.r . . .X . . . . . ILUIISE . . . . . 0 i . l . . . . . . S.rrtoc...r . . . . . AIIS . . . . . . SUDIC-I AXI lo, r.t- . . CALCII.I, S.ROSTII-ZI, AXI IS. HI .I.oc.Es S . . . . . . Sr.r.l.rr.lc . . . . . . II.IOSPIIORUS . . . . . . AISEXI, ASIIIISY. . BolrosasnSrr.c.os . . . . JIASESICI AND ZISC . . . . S11.v .It, COPITR, . 1x1 IEI.I-RY . . Trs ASI I, EAI . . . . . ASI RISAIITII 1Clil ..I. AXn OHAI.I . . . . I1tos . . . . . . . .l r.lIsII . . . . . . CIROJIIUM . . . . . ., I.SGAXKSE . . . . . . INTRODUCTION THIS book is written for the use of college students of general chemistry. In attendance on lectures in general chemistry there are students who may be put in three groups, although these groups are not distinct. For those who are beginning the study, the required experiments have been arranged. In this part, experi- ments on a few typical elements have been first intro- duced that their properties inay illustrate the fundamental ideas of chemistry. These are followed by experiments on the remaining common elements so arranged as to lead from the study of elements of simple relations to those of inore complex relations, while keeping together as far as possible those elements of similar chemical properties. Along with these required experiments a few others have been introduced, which are for the most part exercises in preparing substances of such marked phys- ical properties that theirpurification and identification require no knowledge of analysis. These Elective Exercises are for the profitable em- ployment of those to whom, from previous training, a part of the required work is already familiar, or of 1 those who for solile special reason firid time for I1loi.e than the reglllar worli. Tlle cluaititatire esperinlents of Part TT arc desiglicld more eblecially for those students who hare hiid, ilr their lreparntory sclools, a good laboratory courqc hlrt are not far e1101ig11 adviticed to be ISSCC ill collvgiate general chemistry. These esperilllellts tl.c intelided to replace for them ent, irely or in part tlic other 1xl1oratol.g work. MANIPULATION GLASS TUBING Cutting. -To cut glass tubing into lengths, lay the tubing on the desk and with a tiiangular file make a vigorous cut on one side, then, taking the tubing in the hands, with the thumbs close together and against the tubing directly opposite the file cut, pull a, nd at the same time slightly bend the glass, when it should break wit a clean fracture at right angles to the length of the tube. Tubes of a diameter of more than one centimetre may need to be filed rather deeply, and perhaps also have a slight groove filed all around the tube. Bending. - In bending glass tubing, it should be heated for a length of six or seven times the diameter of the tubing, that a regular curved turn may be made, and that the bore of the tube may not be con- tracted. This is accomplished by heating a short por- tion and making only a part of the bend, then heating a neighboring short portion and making a second part of the bend, gnd so on until the bend is complete. This method is necessary only when a flat flame is 4