A Manual of Ophthalmoscopy for Students and General Practitioners (Paperback)

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1902 Excerpt: ...the vicinity of the disc, which conceals everything behind it. In many cases the cloudiness is circumscribed or follows the course of the larger vessels. 2. Exudation into the Retina: The exudation appears as soft-toned white spots, or irregular-shaped patches scattered over the fundus, or localized about the disc and macula region. The patches are sharply defined, and when situated in the anterior part of the retina, hide the retinal vessels. Their situation, soft tone, and absence of choroidal pigment distinguish these patches from those due to atrophy of the choroid. 3. Changes in the Retinal Vessels: The veins are usually enlarged, darker than normal, and increased in length, as is shown by their greater tortuosity. The arteries may be normal or narrowed, but the finer transverse branches are often very tortuous. The capillaries become injected and form a fine, red striation. The retinal vessels may be partially concealed by the infiltrated tissue, or take an anterior posterior bend as they cross the swelling. 4. Hemorrhages in the Retina are frequent in retinitis, especially when due to some general disease. In some cases hemorrhages occur independently of retinitis. When the hemorrhages are situated in the nerve layer, they are flame-shaped, with well-defined lateral edges and feathery ends, and radiate from the disc. They are usually small, follow the course of the vessels, and sometimes partially conceal a small portion of one of them. The extravasation is apt to be from one of the larger vessels, though it is rare to find any visible rupture. When the hemorrhages are situated in the deeper layer, they are apt to be from the capillaries, and are more or less round, with clean-cut borders. A recent hemorrhage is of a bright red color; in time it beco...