Vertebrate Toxins - Allopumiliotoxin, Allopumiliotoxin 267a, Alpha-Bungarotoxin, Arenobufagin, Batrachotoxin, Beta-Bungarotoxin, Bufotalin (Paperback)

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 27. Chapters: Allopumiliotoxin, Allopumiliotoxin 267A, Alpha-Bungarotoxin, Arenobufagin, Batrachotoxin, Beta-Bungarotoxin, Bufotalin, Bufotenidine, Bufotenin, Bufothionine, Bufotoxin, Calcicludine, Calciseptine, Cardiotoxin III, Cinobufagin, Convulxin, Crotamine, Dermaseptin, Epibatidine, Helothermine, Histrionicotoxin, Latisemin, Marinobufagenin, Myotoxin, Ostracitoxin, Piscivorin, Platypus venom, Poisonous amphibians, Pumiliotoxin 251D, Snake venom, Taicatoxin, Tetrodotoxin. Excerpt: Snake venom is highly modified saliva containing zootoxins used by snakes to immobilize and digest prey or to serve as a defence mechanism against a potential predator or other threat. The venom produced by the snake's venom gland apparatus is delivered by an injection system of modified fangs that enable the venom to penetrate into the target. The glands that secrete the zootoxins are a modification of the parotid salivary gland found in other vertebrates and are usually situated on each side of the head, below and behind the eye and encapsulated in a muscular sheath. The glands have large alveoli in which the synthesized venom is stored before being conveyed by a duct to the base of channeled or tubular fangs through which it is ejected. Venoms contain more than 20 different compounds, mostly proteins and polypeptides. A complex mixture of proteins, enzymes, and various other substances with toxic and lethal properties serves to immobilize the prey animal, enzymes play an important role in the digestion of prey, and various other substances are responsible for important but non-lethal biological effects. Some of the proteins in snake venom have very specific effects on various biological functions including blood coagulation, blood pressure regulation, transmission of the nervous or muscular impulse and have been developed for use as pharmacological or diagnostic tools or even useful drugs. Charles Lucien Bonaparte, the son of Lucien Bonaparte, younger brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, was the first to establish the proteinaceous nature of snake venom in 1843. Proteins constitute 90-95% of venom's dry weight and they are responsible for almost all of its biological effects. Among hundreds, even thousands of proteins found in venom, there are toxins, neurotoxins in particular, as well as nontoxic proteins (which also have pharmacological properties), and many enzymes, especially hydrolytic ones. Enzymes (molecular weight 13-150 KDa) make-up 80-90% of viperid and 25-70