Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: States and Territories Established in 1580, States and Territories Established in 1581, States and Territories Established in 1582, States and Territories Established in 1585, States and Territories Established in 1587, States and Territories Established in 1589, Dutch Republic, Roanoke Colony, Iberian Union, Chitral, Swedish Ingria, New Kingdom of Len, Kingdom of Luba, Bosnia Province, Ottoman Empire, Takamatsu Domain, Waldburg-Zeil, Waldburg-Wolfegg, County Coleraine, Waldburg-Waldburg. Excerpt: Iberian Union is a modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian Peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 15801640, through a dynastic union. This union was composed of the crowns of Portugal and Spain, after the Portuguese dynastic crisis and in a personal union of the crowns, along with their respective colonial possessions. To unite Iberia was one of the ambitions of medieval monarchs of the Iberian peninsula. Sancho III of Navarre and Alfonso VII of Len and Castile both took the title Imperator Totius Hispaniae, meaning "Emperor of All Hispania" centuries before. The union could have been achieved earlier had Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal and Asturias, become king. He died early in his childhood. The history of Portugal from the dynastic crisis in 1578 to the first Braganza Dynasty monarchs is a period of transition. The Portuguese Empire spice trade was near its height at the start of this period. It continued to enjoy widespread influence after Vasco da Gama had finally reached the East by sailing around Africa in 14971498. Vasco da Gama's achievement completed the exploratory efforts inaugurated by Henry the Navigator, and opened an oceanic route for the profitable spice trade into Europe th... More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1646498