International Law as Interpreted During the Russo-Japanese War (Paperback)

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1907. Excerpt: ... CHAPTER XVI. THE RETURN OF PEACE AND THE TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH. In what War, which according to Grotius, may break out in three nMyretum.68 way8 may likewise be terminated in three ways--either by the cessation of hostilities, by conquest, or by treaty of peace. Return of The most commonly cited instance of a return of peace cipryinter-en"eced y a reciprocal intermission of hostilities is in the case numion of of war between Charles XII. of Sweden and Frederic Augustus, KiDg of Poland, at the commencement of the eighteenth century. This struggle presented many exceptional features, as after the victories of Charles XII. at Cracow and Warsaw in 1702, Frederic Augustus abdicted the throne of Poland. Stanislas, a nominee of Charles XII., became King of Poland, but was deposed in turn at the defeat of Charles XII. at Pultowa in 1709. The internal situation of Poland involving internecine as well as foreign war, presented so many abnormal features that it would seem very difficult to derive any certain inferences from it. JThe hostilities between Sweden and Poland apparently ended with the rout of Charles XII., but Sir R. Phillimore, following Heffter, considers that there was no cessation of hostilities till 1716.1 Since Frederic Augustus declared war against Charles XII. in direct opposition to the loudly expressed wishes of the Polish Diet,2 there seems some theoretic doubt whether the war could be considered bellum de jure. Again, this war was finally concluded by the promulgation of a Treaty of Peace between Poland and Sweden in 1729. This treaty of peace was of a highly exceptional character. 1 Sir R. Phillimore's "International Law," vol. iii. part xii. c. i. a. 511, p. 640; referring to Heffter, p. 811, a. 176. - Dunham's " History of Poland," p. 2...