Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1916. (Paperback)

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1915 Excerpt: ...elevated reef. Between Mailiilii and Puu Paheehee, for example, this old reef is set well back within the eroded lava outliers. Except near the middle where a shallow stream-channel is cut over its surface the reef in this old embayment is approximately eighty feet above the sea. Examination of any typical valley formed in the lava mass shows that the tendency is to form the usual V-shaped valley and that the slopes of the sides usually stand at an average of about forty-five degrees from the stream to the summit of the ridge on either hand, whatever the depth of the valley may be, so long as the bed of the main stream does not approach too near its base level. As the bed of the main stream approaches base level, however, it tends to wander from side to side and to flatten and widen the floor of the valley. The short valleys of Keawaula and Keaau continue as V-shaped valleys down to the point where they are floored up by the ancient reef. It is reasonable to conclude that the valley between Mailiilii and the neighboring ridge is the head end of a valley that has been cut through in some such manner as is showrn by the Waianae water gap, but the severing must have occurred before it was submerged, and the conditions made favorable for the disposition of the coral deposits that completely surround this point of volcanic rock on the 60-80 foot contour. Here, then, near the present shore-line is evidence that conditions existed before subsidence similar to those to be found farther inland, i. e-? near the heart of the mountain and near the head of the adjacent stream, that has cut through the dividing ridge at a much higher level. It seems clear the Mailiilii is the inshore remnant end of a ridge similar to Paheehee that has disappeared beneath the sea. If...