Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 18. Chapters: Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi, Ahmed El Bidaoui, Amina Alaoui, Bachir Attar, Bouchaib Abdelhadi, Chico Bouchikhi, Hassan Hakmoun, Henry Azra, Hicham Chami, Imad Kotbi, Jo Amar, Mahmoud Guinia, Malika Zarra, Mohamed Rouicha, Mohammed al-Haik, Mohammed ibn al-Tayyib al-Alami, Nabyla Maan, Najat Aatabou, Omar Metioui, Paul Bowles, Rajae El Mouhandiz, Ryan Belhsen, Samy Elmaghribi. Excerpt: Paul Frederic Bowles (December 30, 1910 November 18, 1999) was an American expatriate composer, author, and translator. Following a cultured middle-class upbringing in New York City, during which he displayed a talent for music and writing, Bowles pursued his education at the University of Virginia before making various trips to Paris in the 1930s. He studied music with Aaron Copland, and in New York wrote music for various theatrical productions, as well as other compositions. He achieved critical and popular success with the publication in 1949 of his first novel The Sheltering Sky, set in what was known as French North Africa, which he had visited in 1931. In 1947 Bowles settled in Tangier, Morocco, and his wife, Jane Bowles followed in 1948. Except for winters spent in Sri Lanka (then known as Ceylon) during the early 1950s, Tangier was his home for the next fifty-two years, the remainder of his life. Paul Bowles died in 1999 at the age of 88. His ashes are buried in Lakemont Cemetery in upstate New York. Paul Bowles was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York City as the only child of Rena (nee Winnewisser) and Claude Dietz Bowles, a dentist. His childhood was materially comfortable, but his father was a cold and domineering parent, opposed to any form of play or entertainment, feared by both his son and wife. According to family legend, he had tried to kill his newborn son by leaving him exposed on a window-ledge during a snowstorm; the story may not be true, but Bowles believed it was, and it encapsulates his relationship with his father. Such warmth as there was in his life as a child came from his mother, who read Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe to him it was to the latter that he later attributed his own desire to write stories such as "The Delicate Prey," "A Distant Episode," and "Pages from Cold Point" Bowles could read by the time he was three and within the year was writing stories. Soon, he wrote surrealistic poetry and music. In 1922, at age el