Civilization And Climate (Paperback)

Text extracted from opening pages of book: CIVILIZATION AND CLIMATE BY ELLSWORTH HUNTINGTON Late Research Associate in Geography in Yale University NEW HAVEN YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON GEOFFREY CUMBERLEGE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Preface to First Edition xi Preface to Third Edition xv Author's Bibliography xvii Chapter I. Introduction 1 Chapter II. Race or Place 30 Chapter III. The White Man in the Tropics . . 56 Chapter IV*. The Effect of the Seasons .... 76 Chapter V. The Effect of Humidity and Tempera-Jure 109 Chapter VI. Work and Weather 136 Chapter VII. Health and the Atmosphere . . . 153 Chapter VIII. Mortality, Moisture, and Variability 174 Chapter IX. Health and Weather 194 Chapter X: The Ideal Climate 220 Chapter XI. The Distribution of Civilization . . 240 Chapter XII. Vitality and Education in the United States 275 Chapter XIII. The Conditions of Civilization . . 291 Chapter XIV. The Shifting of Climatic Zones . . 315 Chapter XV. The Pulsatory Hypothesis and Its Critics 335 Chapter XVI. The Shifting Centers of Civilization . 347 Chapter XVII. Aboriginal America and Modern Aus tralia 366 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter XVIII. The Climatic Hypothesis of Civiliza tion 387 Appendix 413 Index 433 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. The Effect of the Seasons on Factory Operatives in Connecticut and at Pittsburgh 84 Figure 2a. Human Activity and the Seasons ... 92 Figure 2b. Human Activity and the Seasons ... 93 Figure 3. Seasonal Variations of Mental Compared with Physical Activity 105 Figure 4. Relative Humidity and Work in Connecticut 112 Figure 5. Average Weekly Temperature During the Summers of 1910-1913 in Connecticut . . 116 Figure 6.Effect of the Days of the Week on Piece-Workers 120 Figure 7. Variations in Daily Wages 122 Figure 8. Human Activity and Mean Temperature . 124 Figure 9. Growth of Wheat at Various Temperatures 129 Figure 10. Mean Temperature and Vital Processes in Plants, Animals, and Man 130 Figure 11. Human Activity and Change of Mean Tem perature from Day to Day 140 Figure 12. The Stimulus of Storms 147 Figure 13. Seasonal Variations in Energy and Health . 154 Figure 14. Seasonal Variations in Conceptions and Deaths in Japan, 1901-1910 .... 159 Figure 15. Post-operative Death Rate at Boston in Relation to Humidity and Temperature . 180 Figure 16. Relation between Deaths from Pneumonia and Influenza and Interdiurnal Changes of Temperature 184 Figure 17. Correlation between Weather Elements and Daily Deaths in New York City, December to March 1882-1886 196 Vlll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 18a. Excess or Deficiency of Death Rates in Months of Extreme Weather in American Cities, 1900-1915 206 Figure 18b. Excess or Deficiency of Death Rates in Months of Extreme Weather in American Cities, 1900-1915 207 Figure 19. Correction for Effect of Other Climatic Factors 211 Figure 20. Excess or Deficiency of Deaths in Relation to Stormy Periods Lasting One Month, Two Months, ancLThree Months, 1900-1915 . 216 Figure 21. Net Effect of Weather in the United States 218 Figure 22. The Effect of Climate on Human Energy as Inferred from Work in Factories . . . 234 Figure 23. The Distribution of Civilization n Europe 257 Figure 24. The Distribution of Civilization in Asia . 259 Figure 25. The Distribution of Civilization in Australia 260 Figure 26. The Distribution of Civilization in Africa 261 Figure 27. TheDistribution of Civilization in South America 262 Figure 28. Civilization in North America, According to all Contributors 264 Figure 29. Civilization in North America, According to Twenty-five Americans 265 Figure 30. Civilization in North America, According to Seven British Contributors .... 268 Figure 31. Civilization in North America, According to Six Germanic Europeans 269 Figure 32. Civilization in North America, According to Six Latin Europeans and One Russian . 272 Figure 33. Civilization in North America, According to Five Asiatics 273 Figure 34. Climatic Energy in the