Instinct and Intelligence in the Animal Kingdom; A Critical Contribution to Modern Animal Psychology (Paperback)

Purchase of this book includes free trial access to www.million-books.com where you can read more than a million books for free. This is an OCR edition with typos. Excerpt from book: CHAPTER III. WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE/AND WHAT IS INSTINCT? "V X THAT is "intelligence"? According to the etymo- VV logical meaning of the term, and the concept hitherto attached to it by the scientific psychologists of all ages, intelligence-intellect, understanding-exclusive- ly signifies the power of perceiving the relations of concepts to one another, and of drawing conclusions therefrom!IF essentially includes the power of abstraction, the faculty of collecting from a number of single representations that which they all have in common, and, thereby, of forming general concepts. jindudes-ur- thermore a deliberative power which recognizes the rela- tion between meansand end, between a subject-arulits actions, and, consequently, "endows the intelligent being witty self-consciousness jmd withrottpno/, free activity, Of late the attempt has been frequently made to represent intellect and reason- as two different faculties, and "intellect" but not "reason" was attributed to ani- majls. Yet, such a separation cannot be admitted. He wh'o is endowed with intellect, necessarily possesses reason, and he who has no reason cannot have an intel- . This is evident from the following considerations. In as far as it differs from intellect, reason signifies thef power of adapting means to ends, and of acting with a Icertain purpose, reasonably. This meaning of the is sanctioned by general usage. It conveys noth- ir'Mg beyond the power of practically adjusting one's a |:tions to the theoretical knowledge of the intellect. Anas other difference between intellect (intellectus) and reason (ratio) consists in the fact, that the former signifies the immediate insight into a truth and the latter the power of drawing conclusions from the truth that has been perceived.1 But this is immaterial to...