Formal System (Paperback)

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. In formal logic, a formal system (also called a logical calculus) consists of a formal language and a set of inference rules, used to derive (to conclude) one expression from one or more other expressions (premises) antecedently supposed (axioms) or derived (theorems). The axioms and rules may be called a deductive apparatus. A formal system may be formulated and studied for its intrinsic properties, or it may be intended as a description (i.e. a model) of external phenomena.