Iron And Steel - Their Production And Manufacture (Paperback)

IRON AND STEEL - THEIR PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURE - INTRODUCTORY - OF all the Commodities of Commerce Iron is by far the most important. In this country it forms the basis of an Industry which ranks second only to that of Agri-l culture, it enters essentially into every other manufacture, it is the maid-of-all-work of Science, the servant L of the Arts. The civilisation of nations is measured, , , l by it, wealth results from its possession and progress, , accompanies its use. In writing the story of iron in the short space which this book necessarily allows, it is manifestly impossible to deal with finished manufactures save those which are made directly from the raw material such as rails, girders, bars, plates, etc., and even these can only be treated in a very general way. The endeavour of the Author has been to write of the subject on broad lines, and thus give a comprehensive and clear account of it without too much detail. He wishes to express his . obligation to Scrivenors History of the Iuon Tuade, Swanks Iron in all Ages, and Sir Lowthian Bells work, Principles of the Manufacture of Iron and Steel, and to thank Mr. S. Marston, of the North Eastern Steel Co., and Mr. Henry Simpson, of the Middlesbrough Chamber of Commerce, for much valuable assistance. Gold is for the mistress-silver for the maid Copper for the craftsman cunning at his trade. Good said the a r o ns, i tting in his hall, But 1ron-cold Iron-is master of them all From the Poem Cold Iron in Rewards and Fairies, by Rudyard Kipling. By permission of Messrs. Macmillan 8-Co - CONTENTS - THE RAW MATERIALS CHAP. PAGE I. IRON ORES . . 1 11. COKE AND LIMESTONE . . 10 THE HISTORY OF IRON-MAKING III. ORIGINS AND PROGRESS .. 13 THE HISTORY OF MODERN STEEL PROCESSES IV. THE BESSEMER PROCESS . . 24 V. THE SIEMENS-MARTIN OPEN HEARTH PROCESS 37 VI. THE ELECTRIC FURNACE . . 41 THE PROCESSES AND PLANT USED IN IRON AND STEEL-MAKING VII. THE BLAST FURNACE AND ITS ACCESSORIES . 44 VIII. THE ACID OPEN HEARTH PROCESS-THE BASIC OPEN HEARTH PROCESS-COMPARISON OF THE FOUR STEEL PROCESSES-INGOTS AND THEIR SUBSEQUENT TREATMENT . 58-70 IX. FOUNDRY IRON-THE FORGE-OTHER PRO CESSES 72-80 - vii i L v111 CONTENT S CHAP. THE IRON TRADE PAGE X. THE HISTORY OF THE TRADE IN IRON. . 81 I XI. THE IRON TRADE OF VARIOUS COUNTRIESGREAT BRITAIN-GERMANY-THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA-FRANCE-BELGIUM - AUSTRIA-HUNGARY - RUSSIA-SWEDEN - THE WORLD POSITION . 96-1 15 XII. THE WARRANT MARKET . . 116 XIII. PROTECTIVE POLICIES AND COMBINATIONS OF MANUFACTURERS . . 130 APPENDIX . 146 INDEX . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS TAPP1, NG - 4 BLAST FURNACE . . Frontispiece PAGE CATALAN FORGE . . 15 COGGING INGOTS . . 21 TEEMING STEEL FROM BESSEPvlER CONVERTER TO TR-4NSFER LADLE . 2 5 BESSEMER CONVERTER l BLOWING BESSERIER CONVERTER. FINISH OF BLOW . . 29 POURING lLIOLTEN IRON FROM LADLE INTO THE METAL MIXER . . 31 RESSEMER CONVERTER . . . 33 A SMALL SIEMENS-bZARTIN EXPERIMENTAL FURNACE . 38 BLAST FURNACE . . 46 COWPER STOVE . . 50 GJERS CALCINING KILN . 52 1 TALEOT TILTING STEEL FURNACES . . 61 MILD STEEL STERNFRAME AND BRACKETS FOR MAURETANIA AND LUSITANIA . . 71 X LIST oE ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE TOP HALF OF L. P. TURBINE CYLINDER . . 74 SMITHING OR SETTING CIRCULAR SAWS . . 78 SECTION OF PUDDLING FURNACE . . 80 QUARRYING IRON ORE IN SOUTHERN RUSSIA . . 111 CLARENCE IRON WORKS, WHERE SIR LOWTHIAN BELLS EXPERIMENTS WERE MADE. . . . 122 . A LARGE HAMMER. . . . 128 IRONAND STEEL - THE RAW MATERIALS CHAPTER I IRON ORES To begin at the very beginning it is necessary to consider the origin of the iron which is found in the rocks, from which it is extracted by the ironmaster. It has been estimated that iron forms 5 per cent...