Chapters: Delta-O-18, Oxygen-17, Oxygen-18, Oxygen-13, Oxygen-15, Oxygen-16, Oxygen-12, Oxygen-14, Oxygen-19, Oxygen-20, Oxygen-21, Oxygen-22, Oxygen-23, Oxygen-24, Oxygen-25, Oxygen-26, Oxygen-27, Oxygen-28. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 77. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: There are three stable isotopes of oxygen that lead to oxygen (O) having a standard atomic mass of 15.9994(3) u. 10 unstable isotopes have also been characterized. Naturally occurring oxygen is composed of three stable isotopes, O, O, and O, with O being the most abundant (99.762% natural abundance). Known oxygen isotopes range in mass number from 12 to 24. The relative and absolute abundance of O is high because it is a principal product of stellar evolution and because it is a primary isotope, meaning it can be made by stars that were initially made exclusively of hydrogen. Most O is synthesized at the end of the helium fusion process in stars; the triple-alpha reaction creates C, which captures an additional He to make O. The neon burning process creates additional O. Both O and O are secondary isotopes, meaning that their nucleosynthesis requires seed nuclei. O is primarily made by the burning of hydrogen into helium during the CNO cycle, making it a common isotope in the hydrogen burning zones of stars. Most O is produced when N (made abundant from CNO burning) captures a He nucleus, making O common in the helium-rich zones of stars. Approximately a billion degrees Celsius is required for two oxygen nuclei to undergo nuclear fusion to form the heavier nucleus of sulfur. Fourteen radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being O with a half-life of 122.24 s and O with a half-life of 70.606 s. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 27 s and the majo...More: http: //booksllc.net/?id=252711