An Introduction To Cytology (Paperback)

AN INTRODUCTION TO C YTO LOG BY LESTKR W. SJIARP COKJSTKT. L, The, most iiJi ami progress of the examinatioi contaiiiH, and fr enquiries. jj ortaiil lihfovtries of tlio laws, methods lature liave. nearly always apruiiK from of the nialleHt oUjcetw vhieh she ni aj areiif ly the most in.- i nificu tit arok, J ltilt n i ft, u Xi olt f i inc. FJUST KDITION McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. NEW YORK 37O SEVENTH AVENUE OUVKRIE ST.. E. C. 4 COPYRIGHT, 1921, Y THE BOOK COMPANY, INC. Less than two months after the completion of the text of this book the author has received copies of the two new English works on cytology W. E. Agars Cytology, With Special Reference to the Metazoan Nucleus and L. Doricasters An Introduction to the Study of Cytology. Both deal almost exclusively with animal cytology, the first being valuable for its account of chromosome behavior in animals, and the second for its discussions of gametogenesis, fertilization, parthenogenesis, and sex determination. These works, together with the botanical portions of the present volume, should make an acquaintance with the general field of cytology much more readily attainable. CONTENTS PAB PREFACE . . . vii CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL SKETCH 1 The discovery of the cell Preformation and epigenesis Early theories of cell-formation Early observations on the cell contents The foundation of the cell theory Elaboration of the cell theory The protoplasm doctrine The new conception of the cell Fertilization and embryogeny The be ginning of the modern period in cytology Bibliography 1. CHAPTER II PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTION OF THE CELL 23 Description of the cell The differentiation of colls Bihlioyntphy 2. CHAPTER III PROTOPLASM . 32 Physical propertiesProtoplasm as a colloidal system Microdissection Chemical nature of protoplasm Varieties of protoplasm The plasma membrane Protoplasmic connections Vacuoles Protoplasm as the sub stratum of life Micromeric theories Chemical theories Conclusion Bibliography 3. CHAPTER IV THE NUCLEUS .... 50 Occurrence General characters Nucleoplasmic ratio Structure of nucleus Nuclei of bacteria and other protista The function of the nucleus Bibliography 4. CHAPTER V THE CENTROSOME AND THE BLEPHAROPLAST 7f The centrosome Occurrence and general characters Individuality Centrosomes in Algae Fungi Bryophytes Conclusion The blepharo plast Occurrence In flagellates In thallophytes In byrophytes In ptcridophytes In gymnospcrms In animals Conclusion Bibliography 5. CHAPTER VI PLASTIDS AND CHONDRIOSOMES 103 Plastids General nature and occurrence Leucoplasts Chromatophores Starch The pyrenoid Elaioplasts and oil bodies The eyespot The individuality of the plastid Chondriosomes General nature and occur rence Physico-chemical nature Origin and multiplication Function Relation of chondriosomes to plastids Conclusion Bibliography 6. CHAPTER VII METAPLASM POLARITY 133 Metaplasm Extruded chrornatin The senescence of the cell Polarity Metabolic gradient-Bibliography 7. xi CONTENTS CHAPTER PAUK SOMATIC MITOSIS AND CHROMOSOME INDIVIDUALITY ............. 143 Somatic mitosis Preliminary sketch of mitosis Detailed description of the behavior of the chromosomes in somatic mitosis Chromomeres Summary The individuality of the chromosome The frequent persistence of visible chromosome limits in the resting rcticulum Prochromosomes Persistence of parental chromosome groups after fertilization Size and shape of chromosomesChromosome number Discussion and Conclusions Bibliography 8. x CHAPTER IX THE ACHROMATIC FIGURE, CYTOKINESIS, AND THE CELL WALL ........ 175 The achromatic figure In higher plants In animals Intranuclear figures Origin of the figure The mechanism of mitosis Cytokinesis In thallophytes In microsporocytes In animals Mechanism of furrowing The cell wall The primary wall layer Secondary and tertiary wall layers The physical nature of the cell wall The chemical nature of the cell wall The walls of spores Bibliography 9. CHAPTER X OTHER MODES OF NUCLEAR DIVISION ............