Dialects of Hindustani - Hindi-Urdu, Maithili Language, Rajasthani Language, Pahari Languages, Bhojpuri Language, Magahi Language, Khariboli (Paperback)

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 20. Chapters: Hindi-Urdu, Maithili language, Rajasthani language, Pahari languages, Bhojpuri language, Magahi language, Khariboli, Angika language, Varieties of Hindi, Bihari languages, Haryanvi language, Awadhi language, Chhattisgarhi language, Kannauji, Western Hindi. Excerpt: Hindi-Urdu (, ) is an Indo-Aryan language and the lingua franca of North India and Pakistan. It is also known as Hindi, Urdu, Hindustani (,, IPA: , literally: 'of Hindustan'), Hindavi, and Rekhta. It derives primarily from the Khariboli dialect of Delhi, western Uttar Pradesh and southern Uttarakhand region, and incorporates a large vocabulary from Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit and Turkic. It is a pluricentric language, with two official forms, Standard Hindi and Standard Urdu, which are standardized registers of it. However, colloquial Hindi and Urdu are all but indistinguishable, and even the official standards are nearly identical in grammar, though they differ in literary conventions and in academic and technical vocabulary, with Urdu retaining stronger Persian, Central Asian and Arabic influences, and Hindi relying more heavily on Sanskrit. Before the Partition of British India, the terms Hindustani, Urdu and Hindi were synonymous; all covered what would be called Urdu and Hindi today. The term 'Hindustani' is also used for several divergent dialects of the Hindi languages spoken outside of the Subcontinent, including Fijian Hindustani and the Caribbean Hindustani of Suriname and Trinidad. The phrase Zaban-e Urdu-e Mualla written in Nasta'liq calligraphy Hindustani emerged from the Middle Indo-Aryan apabhramsha vernaculars of North India in the 7th-13th centuries CE. Amir Khusro, who lived in the 13th century CE during the Delhi Sultanate period in North India, used the Hindustani lingua franca in his writings and refer...