Lachrymatory Agents - Pepper Spray, CS Gas, Tungsten Hexafluoride, Acetic Anhydride, Thionyl Chloride, Chloropicrin, Acrolein, Ethyl Acrylate (Paperback)

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 23. Chapters: Pepper spray, CS gas, Tungsten hexafluoride, Acetic anhydride, Thionyl chloride, Chloropicrin, Acrolein, Ethyl acrylate, Chlorosulfuric acid, Benzyl chloride, Chloroacetone, Crotonaldehyde, Adamsite, Ethyl bromoacetate, CR gas, 4-Nonanoylmorpholine, Bromoacetone, Phenacyl chloride, Xylyl bromide, Methyl isothiocyanate, Tear gas, Acryloyl chloride, Mace, Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide, PAVA spray, Propionic anhydride, Benzyl bromide, Nonivamide, Phenacyl bromide, Bromobenzyl cyanide, Ethyl iodoacetate, Chloromethyl chloroformate, White Cross. Excerpt: 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (also called o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile) (chemical formula: C10H5ClN2) is the defining component of a "tear gas" commonly referred to as CS gas, which is used as a riot control agent. "CS gas" is actually an aerosol of a volatile solvent (a substance that dissolves other active substances and that easily evaporates with it) and 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile, which is a solid compound at room temperature. CS gas is generally accepted as being non-lethal. It was discovered by two Americans, Ben Corson and Roger Stoughton, at Middlebury College in 1928, and the chemical's name is derived from the first letters of the scientists' surnames. CS was developed and tested secretly at Porton Down in Wiltshire, England, in the 1950s and 1960s. CS was used first on animals, then subsequently on British Army servicemen volunteers. Notably, CS has a limited effect on animals due to "under-developed tear-ducts and protection by fur." CS is synthesized by the reaction of 2-chlorobenzaldehyde and malononitrile via the Knoevenagel condensation: ClC6H4CHO + H2C(CN)2 ClC6H4CHC(CN)2 + H2OThe reaction is catalysed with weak base like piperidine or pyridine. The production method has not changed since the substance was discovered by Corson and Stoughton. Other bas...