Optical Materials - Germanium, Calcite, Liquid Crystal, Sapphire, Magnesium Oxide, Phosphor, Poly(methyl Methacrylate) (Paperback)

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 68. Chapters: Germanium, Calcite, Liquid crystal, Sapphire, Magnesium oxide, Phosphor, Poly(methyl methacrylate), Negative index metamaterials, Split-ring resonator, Transparency and translucency, Polycarbonate, Yttrium aluminium garnet, GeSbTe, Arsenic trisulfide, METATOY, Potassium bromide, Cadmium selenide, Calcium fluoride, Germanium dioxide, Speculum metal, Spectralon, Barium fluoride, Zinc sulfide, Chalcogenide glass, Iceland spar, Magnesium fluoride, Photodarkening, Scotophor, Zinc selenide, Lithium fluoride, Photorefractive effect, Strontium fluoride, Synthetic alexandrite, CR-39, Gallium phosphide, ZBLAN, Acrylate polymer, Yttrium orthovanadate, Glass code, Arsenic triselenide, Lumicera, Caesium cadmium chloride, AgInSbTe, Picarin, Hydrogen silsesquioxane, Yttrium lithium fluoride, Neutron supermirror. Excerpt: Germanium ( -nee- m) is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Germanium has five naturally occurring isotopes ranging in atomic mass number from 70 to 76. It forms a large number of organometallic compounds, including tetraethylgermane and isobutylgermane. Germanium was discovered comparatively late because very few minerals contain it in high concentration. Germanium ranks near fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties based on its position on his periodic table and called the element eka-silicon. Nearly two decades later, in 1886, Clemens Winkler found it in the mineral argyrodite. Winkler found that experimental observations agreed with Mendeleev's predictions and named the element after his country, Germany. Germanium is an important semiconductor material used...