Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 28. Chapters: Stanis aw Lem, Lviv University, Bruno Schulz, Ivan Franko, Semion Mogilevich, Jaroslav Rudnyckyj, Jozef Bia ynia Cho odecki, Yevhen Konovalets, Omeljan Pritsak, Jerzy Kury owicz, Bohdan Lepky, Andrzej Gawro ski, Jozef Buzek, Ihor Kalynets, Jacob Avigdor, Kyryl Studynsky, Lonhyn Tsehelsky, Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, Markiyan Shashkevych, Eugeniusz Romer, Tadeusz Sulimirski, Gaston Bouatchidze, Abraham Stupp, Gennady Riger, Otto M. Nikodym, Jerzy Hordy ski, Jozef Dietl, Piotr Ignacy Bie kowski. Excerpt: Stanis aw Lem (Polish pronunciation: 12 September 1921 - 27 March 2006) was a Polish writer of science fiction, philosophy and satire. He was named a Knight of the Order of the White Eagle. His books have been translated into 41 languages and have sold over 27 million copies. He is perhaps best known as the author of the 1961 novel Solaris, which has been made into a feature film three times. In 1976, Theodore Sturgeon claimed that Lem was the most widely read science-fiction writer in the world. His works explore philosophical themes; speculation on technology, the nature of intelligence, the impossibility of mutual communication and understanding, despair about human limitations and humankind's place in the universe. They are sometimes presented as fiction, but others are in the form of essays or philosophical books. Translations of his works are difficult due to passages with elaborate word formation, alien or robotic poetry, and puns. Multiple translated versions of his works exist. Lem was born in 1921 in Lwow, Poland (now Ukraine). He was the son of Sabina Woller and Samuel Lem, a wealthy laryngologist and former physician in the Austro-Hungarian Army. Though raised a Roman Catholic, he later became an atheist "for moral reasons ... the world appears to me to be put together in such a painful way that I prefer to b...